MA Omran Reading Comprehansion

PASSAGE 1:

Earthquakes are natural vibrations within the Earth’s crust. They show that crustal movements are still taking place today. When rocks move or fracture, great pressures are produced, and shock waves are transmitted through the Earth. The waves are recorded on a seismograph and the intensity can be determined by using a scale which ranges from 1 to 10. Three kinds of waves can be identified on a seismograph; P for primary waves; S for secondary waves and L for long waves; P and S waves arrive at the seismograph station first because they travel directly through the Earth while the L. waves travel along the surface of the Earth and make the biggest impression.

1- The long waves produce the most outstanding ———-.

1) Impact

2) Vibration

3) Pressure

4) Intensity

2- A seismograph is an instrument concerned with ———-.

1) Station

2) Earthquakes

3) Transmission

4) Great pressures

3- The word “crust” means———-.

1) A liquid layer

2) Coating

3) A non-solid layer

4) A gaseous layer

4- The synonym of the word “fracture” is ———-.

1) Splash

2) Sprinkle

3) Cleavage

4) Misplacement

5- Which one of the waves travels through the Earth?

1) Primary waves

2) Secondary waves

3) Long waves

4) Primary and secondary waves

PASSAGE 2:

The choice of type and thickness of the road surface is an important part of design. The type chosen depends on the maximum loads expected, the frequency of these loads, and other factors. On some routes, due to the low traffic flow, no surfacing is necessary; and soil serves as the finished roadway. As traffic increases, a surface of sandy clay, crushed slag, crushed stone, or a mixture of both is applied. This could provide a satisfactory surface for a small traffic flow, when correctly applied. Gravel, if used for these surfaces, usually contains sufficient clay or fine material to stabilize the surface. When further stabilized by the application of calcium chloride, a gravel surface also creates less dust. Another surface is composed of Portland cement and water. When mixed into the upper few inches of the subgrade and compacted with a roller, this forms a soil/cement base, which can be surfaced by bituminous materials. On the other hand, highways, which have to carry large volumes of heavy vehicles must be carefully designed and must have considerable thickness. Pavements are either flexible or rigid. Flexible pavements have less resistance to bending than rigid ones, however, both types can be designed to withstand heavy traffic. flexible paving mixtures are composed of aggregate and bituminous. The latter, though sometimes obtained from petroleum products, are more usually obtained from asphalt products.

6- Flexible paving mixtures are composed of ———.

1) aggregate materials only

2) bituminous materials only

3) bituminous and clay materials

4) aggregate and bituminous materials

7- Flexible pavements have ———- to bending than rigid pavements.

1) less resistance

2) more strength

3) more resistance

4) more withstanding

8- Gravel helps in ——– if it is used for surface construction.

1) stabilization

2) standardization

3) incapability

4) fragileness

9- Highways with large volumes of heavy vehicles must have ———.

1) a mixture of clay and a crushed stone

2) sufficient crushed clay

3) considerable thickness

4) a maximum load

10- As traffic increases, a surface of sandy clay, crushed stone, and crushed slag is ———.

1) applauded

2) applied

3) appraised

4) apprehended

PASSAGE 3:

Water-short areas can minimize their use of water by importing commodities that take a lot of water to produce like food and electric power, from other areas or countries that have more water. The receiving areas then are not only getting the commodities but also the water that was necessary to produce them. Since this water is ‘virtually’ embedded in the commodity, it is called virtual water. For example, for every kilogram of wheat imported, the country also gets about 1 cubic meter of virtual water at much less cost than the price or value of local water resources, if available, in the country itself. Using a lot of water just to satisfy a national pride of being self-sufficient in food production, particularly staple foods, will then not be economical if these foods can be imported much cheaper from water-rich countries. More and more areas in the world will face serious water shortages with little prospect of having adequate water for their inhabitants, either by moving more water to people or by moving more people to water. Imports of virtual water embedded in food and other commodities may then economically and politically be a very good solution, and probably the easiest way to achieve peaceful solutions to water conflicts.

As economies and trade become more and more global in scope, global movement of food from water-rich to water-poor countries should be just as feasible as moving petroleum products from oil-rich to oil-poor countries. To ensure that the global distribution of food will not be used as a political weapon, it should be internationally controlled. In addition to OPEC, we may then have an OFEC (Organization of Food Exporting Countries) with international controls and in which the importing countries also will be represented. Other opportunities for saving local water resources by importing virtual water include import of electric power from areas with more abundant water for cooling of thermal power plants, with dams for hydro-electric power production, or with coastal areas that provide ocean water for cooling. increasing populations and uncertain climatic changes will pose heavy demands on water resources in the future. Holistic approaches and integrated management principles will be necessary to develop sustainable systems and prevent catastrophes. Agricultural water management must be integrated with other water management practices. The actions of one user group will affect the water interests of others. More research needs to be done to make sure that management of water and other resources is based on sound science and engineering. Much greater local, national, and international efforts, cooperation, and expenditures are needed to meet future food and water requirements in sustainable, peaceful, and environmentally responsible ways.

11- In short water areas, importing commodities that take a lot of water could be economical in———-.

1) water use

2) water recycles

3) water storage

4) water pollution

12- Virtual water is ——– by wheat.

1) caused

2) engulfed

3) convened

4) meditated

13- Foods, with a great deal of water consumption, are more economical to be———.

1) exported to water-rich countries

2) imported from water-short countries

3) imported from water-rich countries

4) exported to water-short countries

14- What is the easiest solution to water conflicts?

1) Global trade

2) Political issues

3) Economical issues

4) Global food distribution

15- In the text “holistic” means

1) global

2) Comprehensive

3) maintenance

4) sustainable

MA Omran Reading Comprehansion

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