MA Phisiology Dampezeshky Reading

PASSAGE 1:

Somatic and visceral pain fibers are fully integrated with the skeletal motor and sympathetic systems in the spinal cord, brain stem, and higher centers. These synapses are responsible for reflex muscle activity that is associated with pain. Similarly, reflex sympathetic activation causes the release of catecholamines, locally and from the adrenal medulla. This increases heart rate and blood pressure with a consequent myocardial work increase, metabolic rate, and oxygen consumption. Gastrointestinal tone is decreased leading to delayed gastric emptying. Pain also causes an increase in the secretion of catabolic hormones and decreased secretion of anabolic hormones.

The metabolic responses to pain include hyperglycemia due to gluconeogenesis and decrease in insulin secretion or action, increasing protein metabolism and lipolysis. The respiratory responses could be either hyperventilation due to stimulation of the respiratory center or hypoventilation due to splinting and reflex muscle spasms. The diencephalic and cortical responses may include anxiety and fear. Pain stimulates psychological mechanisms with deleterious emotional effects.

All of the following statements about the induction of pain are correct EXCEPT

1) dependence of the skeletal motor on the central nervous system

2) synapses of the skeletal motor with sympathetic systems

3) reducing secretion of anabolic and catabolic hormones.

4) reflexes of the muscular activities

2.Reflex sympathetic activation can result in the following issues EXCEPT

1) rise in the metabolic rate

2) disorders in gastric depletion

3) elevation of blood pressure

4) more activity of the myocardium

3.Which of the following is the correct meaning for hyperglycemia?

1) High level of carbohydrates

2) Increased sugar level in the blood

3) Decreased sugar in blood

4) Suppression of glucose

4.Which statement is correct about the “metabolic responses to pain”?

1) More breakdown rate of lipids

2) Induces more secretion of insulin

3) Causing cessation of glucose synthesis

4) Resulting in less metabolism of proteins

5.This passage is primarily about the responses to pain.

1) central

2) reflexive

3) Metabolic

4) respiratory

PASSAGE 2:

The kidneys maintain a stable environment for normal cellular and tissue function throughout the body. They do this by regulating solute and water transport. In addition, the kidneys facilitate nutrient recovery and regulate acid and base balance in the body. The kidneys produce urine in the course of accomplishing these functions, which is a major route by which the body excretes metabolic wastes, water, and other solutes from the body. The ability of the kidneys to function is a result of the collective effort of a number of different types of cells. Loss of function of any of these cells can alter overall kidney function. This can have catastrophic effects on the whole body’s function. For example, renal cell dysfunction results in alterations in blood pressure, calcium metabolism, acidosis, alkalosis, and even death.

Renal cell dysfunction can be induced by numerous processes. These include extrarenal or prerenal events such as hemorrhagic blood loss, trauma, gastrointestinal bleeding, electrolyte loss, low blood pressure, and heart failure. Renal cell dysfunction can also be induced by postrenal events, such as lower urinary tract obstruction or advanced urinary bladder infections. Finally, renal cell dysfunction can result from intrarenal events including infection, hypertension, renal artery or vein occlusion, and cell death.

6.To achieve a normal tissue function in the body, which procedure is in contrast with the duties of the kidneys?

1) Recovery of the nutrient components

2) Water transport and solute regulation

3) Adjusting the acid and base balance

4) Maintenance of metabolic wastes

7.The word “This” in paragraph 1 refers to ………..

1) the ability of the kidneys

2) overall kidney function

3) loss of renal cell function

4) the number of different cell types

8.All of the following disorders are the consequences of renal cell dysfunction EXCEPT

1) unsteady alkalosis and acidosis condition

2) alterations in calcium metabolism

3) variation in blood pressure state

4) excretion of waste products

9.An increase in blood pressure can lead to the following consequences EXCEPT

1) intrarenal events

2) postrenal activities

3) prerenal procedures

4) renal cell function

10.This passage is mainly about ————.

1) the kidney's abilities

2) renal cell excretions

3) renal cell dysfunction

4) maintenance of the kidneys

PASSAGE 3:

Many investigations have been carried out on the subject of the development of the

defensive and immune systems in a variety of bony fish species. Indeed, most

studies have been focused on zebra fish, grouper, and rainbow trout. Boney fishes have

been considered as the basic models of hemopoiesis. The intermediate cell mass is

thought to be the first hemopoietic organ. However, in rainbow trout, hemopoiesis

exists for a short period in the yolk sac and then shifts to the intermediate cell mass. Cells of myeloid lineage can be found around the yolk sac from one day after fertilization but are not seen in the intermediate cell mass.

Myeloblasts and neutrophilic myelocytes are observed between one to two days after fertilization. Regarding to the development of the organs involved in the immune response, the thymus and the anterior kidney in rainbow trout or Atlantic salmon are considered to be complete before hatching occurs and this has not been clarified at the end of incubation in many species, such as turbot and grouper.

Consequently, despite the differences among the variety of fishes, investigations indicate that the correct respective order of lymphomyeloid organ development in marine bony fishes is as follows: kidney, spleen, and thymus, although the spleen in larval stage, has a greater erythropoietic function than lymphopoetic function.

11.In rainbow trout, which organ acts as the first hemopoietic organ?

1) Yolk sac

2) Anterior kidney

3) Posterior kidney

4) Intermediate cell mass

12.All of the following definitions can be substituted with hemopoiesis EXCEPT ————

1) blood production

2) formation of blood cells.

3) synthesis of blood tissue

4) destruction of blood cells

13.Which of the following cell groups are considered myeloid lineage cells?

1) Thrombocytes

2) Red blood cells

3) Total blood cells

4) White blood cells.

14.In Atlantic salmon, which of the mentioned organs has a pre-hatch development?

1) Thymus and anterior kidney

2) Intermediate cell mass

3) Spleen and thymus

4) Anterior kidney

15.A general correct sequence for the development of the following organs in marine bony fishes is ………

1) spleen, kidney, thymus

2) kidney, spleen, thymus

3) spleen, thymus, kidney

4) thymus, kidney, spleen

MA Phisiology Dampezeshky Reading

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