MA Sanaye Reading Comprehension

PASSAGE 1:

Most products have traditionally been designed employing a sequence of organizational entities-for example, marketing, research and development, product design, process design, tool design, methods engineering, plant layout, and material handling. Such a sequential approach to product design requires each organization to operate without the benefit of inputs from organizational segments that traditionally follow their activity. When these various entities are engaged in product design as a design team, however, the overall product development time is often reduced considerably and the design is typically much improved from the perspective of the final user as well as in the manufacture of the product. By providing early-stage inputs, a producibility engineer, a manufacturing engineer, a materials engineer, a tool engineer, A methods engineer, a quality engineer, or an industrial engineer can request design adjustments that permit more timely and more cost-effective operations at higher quality levels.

As a member of a design team, producibility and manufacturing engineers today often employ design for manufacture (DFM), design for assembly (DIA), or manufacturability concepts to provide more cost-effective approaches to the manufacturing process. Such upfront design adjustments typically produce tremendous cost savings and product quality improvements over the life cycle of the product.

The culmination of a methods engineering effort is the determination of a documented best method for an operation that is then used as the standard method. Workers are required to employ the standard method of operating. For example, when a patient arrives for an X-ray, the process of entering that person into and completing the X-ray process should be predetermined to best serve all patients, and required procedures. Equipment and facilities, and the x-ray department staff.

1- According to the passage, product design improvement is happening because ———-.

1) product development time is reduced

2) product design engages various entities

3) products have traditionally been designed

4) products design requires organizational operation

2- The word “Their” in paragraph 1 refers to ———-.

1) inputs

2) segments

3) organizations

4) sequence of entities

3- Early-stage inputs enable engineers to ——–.

1) employ design

2) improve quality levels

3) request design adjustments

4) control timely and cost-effective operations

4- The passage is mainly concerned with ———-.

1) manufacturing engineering

2) manufacturing process

3) methods engineering

4)product design

5- We can understand from the passage that product design is today a/an ———-.

1) sequential approach

2) early-stage inputs provider

3) upfront design adjustment

4) methods engineering effort\

PASSAGE 2:

What makes it rain? Rain falls from clouds for the same reason anything falls to Earth. The Earth’s gravity pulls it. But every cloud is made of water droplets or ice crystals. Why doesn’t rain or snowfall constantly from all the clouds? The droplets or ice crystals in clouds are exceedingly small. The effect of gravity on them is minute. Air currents move and lift droplets so that the net downward displacement is zero, even though the droplets are in constant motion.

Droplets and ice crystals behave somewhat like dust in the air made visible in a shaft of sunlight. To the casual observer, dust seems to act in a totally random fashion,moving about chaotically without a fixed direction. But, in fact, dust particles are much larger than water droplets and they finally fall. The average size of a cloud droplet is only 0.0004 inches in diameter. It is so small that it would take sixteen hours to fall half a mile in perfectly still air, and it does not fall out of moving air at all. Only when the droplet grows to a diameter of 0.008 inches or larger can it fall from the cloud. The average raindrop contains a million times as much water as a tiny cloud droplet. The growth of a cloud droplet to a size large enough to fall out is the cause of rain and other forms of precipitation. This important growth process is called “coalescence.”

6- What is the main topic of the passage?

1) Types of clouds

2) The mechanics of rain

3) The weather patterns of North America

4) How Earth's gravity affects agriculture

7- Ice crystals do not immediately fall to Earth because ———-.

1) they combine with other chemicals in the atmosphere

2) their electrical charges draw them away from the earth

3) they are kept aloft by air currents

4) most of them evaporate

8- What can be inferred about drops of water larger than 0.008 inch in diameter?

1) In still air they would fall to earth.

2) They are not affected by the force of gravity.

3) In moving air, they fall at a speed of thirty-two miles per hour.

4) They never occur.

9- The word “chaotically” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to———-.

1) heedfully

2) joyfully

3) carefully

4) confusedly

10- In this passage, what does the term “coalescence” refer to?

1) The growth of droplets

2) The effect of gravity on precipitation

3) The movement of dust particles in the sunlight

4) The gathering of small clouds to form larger clouds

PASSAGE 3:

An automated guided vehicle (AGV) is a mobile robot that follows markers or wires on the floor or uses vision, magnets, or lasers for navigation. They are most often used in industrial applications to move materials around a manufacturing facility or warehouse. The use of these unmanned vehicles to move pallet loads around production and warehouse areas is becoming more and more cost-effective. Even small installations can bring large benefits as the units require almost no maintenance, do no damage to the plant and hardly take a break. Laser guided vehicle (LGV) also benefits from not requiring any civil world such as laying magnetic strips on the floor. The laser beam, mounted on the top of the car, triangulates its position using mirrors placed at heights around the world area. The system continually compares its actual position to its calculated position so any errors such as wheel spin from a wet floor will shut the unit down until it is manually accepted and restarted. There are personnel detection units both front and rear to stop the LGV in case of any obstruction. Removing the obstruction allows the LGV to resume its mission automatically. Routes can be changed using a PC allowing the system to be expanded including more cars, pick up and deposit stations quickly and easily.

11- If a deviation in the position of LGV is occurred, ———-.

1) the route will be changed

2) the machine automatically restarts

3) Manual intervention will be needed

4) the system continues until it is manually stopped

12-The AGVs are cost effective———-.

1) only in small installations

2) when operated manually

3) when no maintenance or break is required

4) for carrying loads in plants and warehouses

13- The advantage of LGV, compared to other types of AGV, is ——-.

1) relying upon mirror positions

2) not requiring a navigation system

3) not requiring an operator to steer

4) not depending on a physical marker or wire in the floor

15- After a blockage, ——–.

1) regarding

2) ignoring

3) limiting

4)passing

15- After a blockage, ——–.

1) A startup command is needed for LGV to resume

2) the mission proceeds when the obstruction is removed

3) LGV returns to its origin

4) LGV automatically resumes

MA Sanaye Reading Comprehension

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